Cibo e prevenzione dei tumori

[Davide'80]

http://www.wcrf.org/research/expert_rep ... ations.php

Expert Report Recommendations

These recommendations are based on the findings of the WCRF/AICR report, Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective (2007). For more detailed information please visit the Expert Report Website.

All the following links take you to pages within the Expert Report Website and will open in a new window.

Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight.
Convincing evidence shows that weight gain and obesity increases the risk of a number of cancers, including bowel and breast cancer. Maintain a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular physical activity to help keep your risk lower.

Be physically active for at least 30 minutes every day.
There is strong evidence that physical activity protects against cancers including bowel and breast cancer. Being physically active is also key to maintaining a healthy weight. Any type of activity counts – the more you do the better! Try to build some into your everyday life.

Limit consumption of energy-dense foods (foods high in fats and/or added sugars and/or low in fibre) and avoid sugary drinks.
Energy-dense foods are high in fats sugars and can be low in nutrients. These foods, especially when consumed frequently or in large portions, increase the risk of obesity, which increases the risk of cancer. Fast foods like burgers, chips, fried chicken and most pizzas, and snack foods like chocolate, crisps and biscuits tend to be energy dense.

Some energy-dense foods, such as nuts, seeds and some vegetable oils are important sources of nutrients, and have not been linked with weight gain as part of a typical diet.

Eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits, wholegrains, and pulses such as beans.
Evidence shows that vegetables, fruits and other foods containing dietary fibre (such as wholegrains and pulses) may protect against a range of cancers including mouth, stomach and bowel cancer. They also help to protect against weight gain and obesity.

As well as eating your 5 A DAY, try to include wholegrains (e.g. brown rice, wholemeal bread and pasta) and/or pulses with every meal.

Sugary drinks, such as colas and fruit squashes can also contribute to weight gain. Fruit juices, even without added sugar, are likely to have a similar effect, so try not to drink them in large quantities. Try to eat lower energy-dense foods such as vegetables, fruits and wholegrains instead. Opt for water or unsweetened tea or coffee in place of sugary drinks.

Limit consumption of red meats (such as beef, pork and lamb) and avoid processed meats.
There is strong evidence that red and processed meats are causes of bowel cancer, and that there is no amount of processed meat that can be confidently shown not to increase risk.

Aim to limit intake of red meat to less than 500g cooked weight (about 700-750g raw weight) a week. Try to avoid processed meats such as bacon, ham, salami, corned beef and some sausages.

If consumed at all, limit alcoholic drinks to 2 for men and 1 for women a day.
Since the 1997 report, the evidence that alcoholic drinks can increase the risk of a number of cancers, including breast and colon cancer, is much stronger.

Any alcohol consumption can increase your risk of cancer, though there is some evidence to suggest that small amounts of alcohol can help protect against heart disease. Therefore, if you choose to drink, do so in moderation.

Limit consumption of salty foods and foods processed with salt (sodium).
Evidence shows that salt and salt-preserved foods probably cause stomach cancer. Try to use herbs and spices to flavour your food and remember that processed foods, including bread and breakfast cereals, can contain large amounts of salt. Click here for tips on how to reduce the amount of salt in your diet.

Don’t use supplements to protect against cancer.
Research shows that high-dose nutrient supplements can affect our risk of cancer, so it's best to opt for a balanced diet without supplements.

However, supplements are advisable for some groups of people (see our recommendations booklet to learn more).


Special Population Recommendations

It is best for mothers to breastfeed exclusively for up to 6 months and then add other liquids and foods.
Strong evidence shows that breastfeeding protects mothers against breast cancer and babies from excess weight gain.

After treatment, cancer survivors should follow the recommendations for cancer prevention.
The Report found growing evidence that maintaining a healthy weight through diet and physical activity may help to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.


And, always remember – do not smoke or chew tobacco.

http://www.wcrf.org/research/expert_rep ... ations.php

[Davide'80]

1. Mantieniti snello quanto possibile, senza diventare sottopeso.

2. Sii fisicamente attivo per almeno 30 minuti al giorno.

3. Limita il consumo di alimenti ad alta densità calorica (cibi ricchi di grassi e/o zuccheri aggiunti e/o poveri di fibre) ed evita bevande zuccherate.

4. Consuma una buona varietà di verdura, frutta, cereali integrali e legumi come i fagioli.

5. Limita il consumo di carni rosse (come manzo, maiale e agnello) ed evita le carni conservate.

6. Se ne fai uso, limita le bevande alcoliche a 2 drink al giorno per gli uomini e 1 per le donne.

7. Limita il consumo di cibi salati e conservati con sale (sodio).

8. Non usare supplementi dietetici per proteggerti dal tumore.

9. E, ricorda sempre - non fumare o masticare tabacco.

[Davide'80]

Questo è un documento in italiano dell'Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, che riporta le raccomandazioni del WCRF:
http://www.istitutotumori.mi.it/istitut ... F_2007.pdf

[Daria]

Bel sondaggio!
Grazie Davide

[emily]

belle dritte.....il fatto che il maggior oncologo italiano, Veronesi, sia vegetariano (non so se vegan ) la dice lunga sui danni della carne...

[Davide'80]

http://www.aicr.org/site/News2?page=New ... abbr=pr_hf_

Nutrition Notes
Week of November 30, 2009
Contact: Alice Bender, (202) 328-7744

Is Vegetarian Healthier?

Karen Collins, MS, RD, CDN
American Institute for Cancer Research

Current health recommendations consistently call for a plant-based diet to reduce risk of a broad spectrum of chronic diseases. What’s less clear is whether or not that means that a vegetarian diet is the healthiest diet of all. Vegetarians as a group tend to be healthier than non-vegetarians. Yet research suggests that vegetarian eating is one way, not the only way, to create the specific eating habits linked with good health.

Large population studies comparing incidence of heart disease among vegetarians and non-vegetarians show a clear advantage for vegetarians; overall mortality rates and diabetes incidence also tend to be lower. A combined analysis of five large studies showed that non-vegetarians had a 32 percent higher rate of mortality due to heart disease than did vegetarians. Vegetarians showed less than half the incidence of diabetes as non-vegetarians in a study of California Seventh-day Adventists; diabetes among vegans (vegetarians who consume no animal products at all) was even lower.

Impact of vegetarian diets on cancer incidence is less clear. Vegetarians showed 12 percent lower overall cancer risk than meat eaters in one large British population study, but non-meat eaters who did eat fish showed equally reduced risk. Vegetarians showed an even greater decrease in risk for particular types of cancer, but it was never any lower than that of those who ate fish but no meat. Some research shows less colon cancer among vegetarians, but some does not. Red meat and processed meat are linked to increased risk of colorectal cancer, but fish and milk be protective.

Part of the problem in studying the health benefits of vegetarian eating is that it’s not all the same. Vegans eat no animal products; lacto-ovo vegetarians do consume dairy and eggs. Pesco-vegetarians don’t eat meat or poultry, but do eat fish, and semi-vegetarians eat meat or poultry, but less than once a week.

We don’t really know how much of the health protection of a vegetarian diet comes from avoiding meat or dairy and how much is due to the nutrients, fiber and protective compounds in plant foods such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, beans and nuts. Most vegetarians do tend to eat more of these healthy foods than non-vegetarians. But replacing meat-oriented meals with these whole plant foods will almost surely have an entirely different health impact than meatless meals based mainly on processed refined grains, with limited variety of vegetables and plenty of sweets and soft drinks.

Furthermore, studies showing better health among vegetarians don’t reflect dietary differences alone. Studies show consistently that vegetarians as a group are more likely to be non-smokers and more physically active than non-vegetarians. Vegetarians are also less likely to be overweight. Excess body fat is strongly linked to heart disease, diabetes and cancer risk. But vegetarian eating won’t automatically lead to a healthy weight if it still includes excessive portions and foods concentrated in calories from oils and sugars.

Although a vegetarian diet has a positive influence in supporting weight control, specific food choices may be the overriding influence of plant-based diets on health. Traditional Mediterranean-style eating patterns, which are plant-based diets that include fish regularly but also may include modest amounts of meat occasionally, were identified as the principal eating style tied to lower incidence of heart disease in one recent review of available data. Diets highest in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, poultry and fish and lowest in refined grains, French fries, and red and processed meats were linked with 36 percent lower incidence of heart disease among women in the Nurses’ Health Study. And for lower cancer risk, it’s low body fat, regular physical activity and a plant-based diet with a wide range of vegetables, fruits and other fiber-containing foods that can lower risk of cancer by about one-third.

***

The American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) is the cancer charity that fosters research on the relationship of nutrition, physical activity and weight management to cancer risk, interprets the scientific literature and educates the public about the results. It has contributed more than $91 million for innovative research conducted at universities, hospitals and research centers across the country. AICR has published two landmark reports that interpret the accumulated research in the field, and is committed to a process of continuous review. AICR also provides a wide range of educational programs to help millions of Americans learn to make dietary changes for lower cancer risk. Its award-winning New American Plate program is presented in brochures, seminars and on its website, www.aicr.org. AICR is a member of the World Cancer Research Fund International.

http://www.aicr.org/site/News2?page=New ... abbr=pr_hf_

[Davide'80]

Traduzione in italiano:

Vegetariano è più sano?

Karen Collins, MS, RD, CDN
American Institute for Cancer Research

Le attuali raccomandazioni per la salute richiamano costantemente ad una dieta basata sui vegetali per ridurre il rischio di un ampio spettro di malattie croniche. Ciò che è meno chiaro è se questo significa o no che la dieta vegetariana è la più salutare di tutte. I vegetariani, come gruppo, tendono ad essere più in salute rispetto ai non-vegetariani. Tuttavia la ricerca dimostra che mangiar vegetariano è un modo, non l’unico modo, di creare abitudini alimentari legate alla buona salute.

Ampi studi di popolazione che mettono a confronto l’incidenza di malattie cardiache tra vegetariani e non-vegetariani mostrano un chiaro vantaggio per i vegetariani, anche i tassi di mortalità totale e l’incidenza del diabete tendono ad essere più bassi. Un’analisi combinata di cinque grandi studi ha dimostrato che i non-vegetariani avevano un tasso di mortalità per malattie cardiovascolari più alto del 32% rispetto ai vegetariani. I vegetariani hanno mostrato un’incidenza di diabete pari a meno della metà dei non-vegetariani in uno studio sugli Avventisti del Settimo Giorno in California, l’incidenza di diabete tra i vegani (vegetariani che non consumano nessun prodotto animale) era ancora più basso.

L’effetto delle diete vegetariane sull’incidenza di tumori è meno chiaro. I vegetariani hanno mostrato una riduzione generale del rischio di contrarre tumori del 12% rispetto ai consumatori di carne in un ampio studio di popolazione inglese, ma chi consumava pesce al posto della carne ha mostrato un rischio altrettanto ridotto. I vegetariani hanno mostrato una riduzione ancora maggiore del rischio di contrarre particolari tipi di tumore, ma mai inferiore a chi consumava pesce al posto della carne. Alcune ricerche mostrano meno tumori al colon tra i vegetariani, mentre altre no. La carne rossa e la carne conservata sono correlate ad un aumento del rischio di tumore al colon-retto, mentre il pesce e il latte sono protettivi.

Parte del problema nello studiare i benefici per la salute delle diete vegetariane è che non sono tutte uguali. I vegani non mangiano prodotti animali, i latto-ovo-vegetariani consumano latticini e uova. I pesco-vegetariani [non realmente vegetariani, ndt] non mangiano carne e pollame, ma mangiano pesce, i semivegetariani mangiano carne e pollame, ma meno di una volta alla settimana.

Non sappiamo in che misura gli effetti protettivi per salute di una dieta vegetariana derivino dall’evitare la carne o i latticini o quanto siano dovuti ai nutrienti, fibre e sostanze protettive presenti nei cibi vegetali come verdura, frutta cereali integrali, legumi e noci. La maggior parte dei vegetariani tendono a mangiare più di alimenti salutari di questo tipo rispetto ai non-vegetariani. La sostituzione di pasti a base di carne con questi alimenti vegetali integrali avrà quasi sicuramente un impatto diverso sulla salute rispetto a pasti senza carne basati principalmente su cereali raffinati, con limitata varietà di vegetali e tanti dolci e bibite.

Inoltre, studi che mostrano una salute migliore tra i vegetariani riflettono differenze non limitandosi alla sola dieta. Gli studi mostrano costantemente che i vegetariani come gruppo hanno maggiori probabilità di essere non fumatori e fisicamente più attivi rispetto ai non-vegetariani. I vegetariani hanno anche meno probabilità di essere sovrappeso. L’eccesso di grasso corporeo è fortemente legato alle malattie cardiovascolari, diabete e rischio di tumore. Tuttavia, l’alimentazione vegetariana non porta automaticamente al mantenimento del peso ideale se continua ad includere porzioni eccessive di alimenti ad alto contenuto di calorie da olii e zuccheri.

Anche se una dieta vegetariana ha un impatto positivo nel favorire il controllo del peso, scelte alimentari specifiche possono costituire la più importante influenza delle diete a base vegetale per la salute. Le abitudini alimentari tipiche della tradizione mediterranea, diete a base vegetale che includono pesce regolarmente, ma possono anche includere occasionalmente moderate quantità di carne, sono state identificate come il modello alimentare principalmente legato a una minore incidenza di malattie cardiovascolari in una recente revisione dei dati disponibili. Le diete più ricche di frutta, verdura, cereali integrali, legumi, pollame e pesce e più povere di cereali raffinati, patatine fritte, carni rosse e conservate erano correlate con una diminuzione del 36% dell’incidenza di malattie cardiovascolari tra le donne nel Nurses' Health Study. Riguardo il diminuito rischio di tumore, il basso grasso corporeo, la regolare attività fisica e una dieta a base di vegetali con un’ampia varietà di verdura, frutta e altri alimenti contenenti fibre abbassano il rischio di circa un terzo.

[Davide'80]

http://www.wcrf-uk.org/audience/media/p ... p?recid=71

Home: Media: Press releases

Press releases

Parents urged to take ham off menu

17 August 2009

A cancer charity has urged parents whose children have packed lunches not to put ham and other types of processed meat in their sandwiches.

Ahead of the new school year, World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) has warned that including sandwich fillers such as ham and salami could mean children get into habits that increase their risk of developing cancer later in life.

There is convincing scientific evidence that eating processed meat increases bowel cancer risk and this is why WCRF recommends people avoid eating processed meat. In the UK, scientists estimate about 3,700 bowel cancer cases could be prevented if everyone ate less than 70g of processed meat a week, which is roughly the equivalent of three rashers of bacon.

The research has not specifically looked at the effect of eating processed meat in childhood, but because the evidence in adults is convincing, and it makes sense for children to begin to adopt a healthy adult eating pattern from the age of five. WCRF advises it is best for children to avoid it as well as many of the habits we develop as children last into adulthood.

Instead of putting processed meat in children’s sandwiches, the charity is advising that parents instead switch to fillings such as poultry or fish, low-fat cheese, houmous, or small amounts of lean meat.

Marni Craze, Children’s Education Manager for WCRF, said: “If children have processed meat in their lunch every day then over the course of a school year they will be eating quite a lot of it. It is better if children learn to view processed meat as an occasional treat if it is eaten at all.

“We also need to do more to raise awareness of the issue, as a recent survey has shown that two thirds of people in Britain do not know that eating processed meat increases risk of cancer. This is despite the scientific evidence about a link being convincing.”

As well as avoiding processed meat, WCRF is urging parents to avoid lunch box fillers that are high in fat and calories and regularly including sugary drinks. This is because eating frequent or large portions of food that is high in calories can lead to a child becoming overweight and the more overweight a child is, the more likely they are to be overweight as an adult. Scientists now say that, after not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight is the most important thing we can do for cancer prevention.

But some high-energy products are specifically marketed as ideas for children’s lunchboxes. For example, Sainsbury’s lists Peperami in the “kid’s lunchbox” section of its website, even though it is 44 per cent fat. As well as being processed meat, just one 25g Peperami stick contains 126 calories and 11g of fat.

Ms Craze added: “With the large number of overweight and obese children in the UK, it is important that parents check the nutritional information on food to see if it is high in calories. If children are regularly eating high-calorie foods or sugary drinks then they are more likely to become overweight.

“Putting ham or high calorie snacks in your child’s sandwich might seem like a convenient option, particularly for parents who do not have a lot of time to prepare their child’s lunchbox.

“But packed lunches are a part of a child’s diet that is relatively easy to control and it does not have to take too much time or effort to prepare a healthy lunch.

“For example, putting some salad into a sandwich will count towards the five portions of fruits and vegetables children should be eating every day. And a small fruit juice instead of a fizzy drink will also give a portion. Also, chicken that has not been processed, fish, houmous or low fat cheese are easy and quick alternatives.”

WCRF runs the Great Grub Club website (www.greatgrubclub.com), which encourages children to adopt healthy habits. This includes a section for parents with information about how WCRF’s Recommendations for Cancer Prevention relate to children.

ENDS

For more information contact Richard Evans on 020 7343 4253.

Notes to editors:

* The term “processed meat” refers to meats preserved by smoking, curing or salting, or by the addition of preservatives. Examples include ham, bacon, pastrami and salami, as well as hot dogs and some sausages. Hamburgers and minced meats only count as processed meat if they have been preserved with salt or chemical additives.
* As well as recommending people avoid processed meat, WCRF also recommends limiting intake of red meat to 500g (cooked weight) per week. This is because there is also convincing evidence that red meat increases risk of bowel cancer.

http://www.wcrf-uk.org/audience/media/p ... p?recid=71

[Davide'80]

Globocan 2008 - Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide in 2008
http://globocan.iarc.fr/

A volte un'immagine vale più di mille parole. Le seguenti mappe mostrano l'incidenza e la mortalità per cancro nei vari paesi del mondo, alla prima occhiata risulta chiaro come il cancro affligga maggiormente i paesi occidentali e filoccidentali, e che i peggiori killer siano quelli strettamente correlati ad una dieta ricca di prodotti animali e povera di fibre (mammella, prostata, colon-retto), da vizio del fumo e inquinamento (polmone).

Tutti i tipi di cancro (escluso cancro della pelle non melanoma)
http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/cancers/all.asp

Mammella
http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/cancers/breast.asp

Prostata
http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/cancers/prostate.asp

Colon-retto
http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/canc ... rectal.asp

Polmone
http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/cancers/lung.asp

[goodgxd]

Bel sondaggio!

[claudios]

C'è una maggior incidenza dove si fanno più esami....
Quindi
sono gli esami che causano i tumori?

Se un extraterrestre osservasse i nostri comportamenti dall'alto affermerebbe con certezza che gli incendi sono causati dai pompieri:
dove ci sono incendi ci sono sempre pompieri....

[Davide'80]

Mi spiace, ma il tuo ragionamento ha poco senso, come spieghi che i tumori di cervice uterina, fegato, stomaco ed esofago siano più diffusi nei paesi poveri rispetto ai paesi industrializzati? In Tanzania c'è forse più diagnosi che in Italia?

Cervice uterina
http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/cancers/cervix.asp

Fegato
http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/cancers/liver.asp

Stomaco
http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/cancers/stomach.asp

Esofago
http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/canc ... phagus.asp

[claudios]

Ci sono anche tumori causati da virus quindi indipendenti dalla dieta... ed in Africa di virus ce ne sono.... così come ci sono pochi farmaci antivirali...
In Africa la vita media è molto inferiore alla nostra anche se hanno meno tumori... ed i tumori statisticamente aumentano con l'età....
Molti tumori negli animali (leonesse), e secondo qualcuno anche negli uomini, autoguariscono se non vengono diagnosticati se vengono curati con la chemioterapia sembra di no...

Quello che voglio dire è che per essere interpretati, i numeri, devono essere considerati ad uguali condizioni: uguale vita media, uguali condizioni igieniche, uguali cure....

[Davide'80]

Ci sono fior di studi che dimostrano la connessione tra consumo di cibi animali e tumori, condotti appunto su popolazioni (Progetto Cina, Oxford Vegetarian Study, studio EPIC-Oxford) o gruppi (studi sugli Avventisti del Settimo Giorno), i dati di Globocan non fanno altro che rendere evidente il quadro con una rappresentazione grafica.

E' chiaro che le condizioni igieniche giocano un fattore chiave nel rischio di sviluppare tumore dello stomaco (infezione cronica da helicobacter pylori), del fegato (epatite B) e della cervice uterina (papilloma virus), ma dalla lettereatura medica è anche altrettanto evidente che i tumori della prostata, della mammella e del colon-retto colpiscano maggiormente le popolazioni (e all'interno delle popolazioni i singoli individui) che consumano più grassi e proteine animali.

Se vedi le mappe puoi notare che per i tumori la cui incidenza è alta nei paesi occidentali (o filo occidentali come Israele) la mortalità non è altrettanto alta, perché la gente ha accesso alle cure.